GIVING INVITATION

Generally all of us have activities that need to attended by others. So you have to invite them to come and join. You might invite them orally (informal) or writing (formal). It’s depend on situation where are you at the day. Might be you met your friend when you were jogging, you invite them to come and join for lunch/dinner/birthday party/ etc orally (informal
Here are the examples of giving invitation :
– Could you come to my party ?
– Would you mind coming over on Saturday night ?
– Would you like to come to my birthday party on ………. ?
– How about going out for lunch to gather this afternoon ?
– I’d like you to ……… ?
– Can you ………… ?
– How would you like to ………………. ?
– Would you like to come to my place for dinner tonight, please ?
– Why don’t you join me for lunch/ dinnner ?
– I’d like to invite you to see our school/factory/office/ while you’re in Bali/etc?
– Would you come with me to the cinema tomorrow ?
– etc.
What is your response ?
· Thank you for your invitation I’ll happy to come/join/dinner/lunch/etc.
· That’s very kind of you.
· That sound wonderful, I’ll happy to come/ join/ etc.
· I’d love to go with you.
· Certainly, I’d love to go/ come/ join/ etc.
· etc.
But if you refuse/decline an invitation, remember to thank the person for the invitation and give a reason for refuse/decline. You don’t need to give a detailed reason, it’s just a general reason.
Below are responses if you refuse/decline an invitation :
. Thank you but I’m sorry, I’m affraid I can’t…
· Thank you for your invitation but I don’t think I can make it.
· I’d love to but I can’t. I have other plans.
· That’s very kind of you, but I’m affraid my schedule is booked up all next week/
nex Sunday/ tomorrow/ Saturday night/ etc.
· I’m sorry, but I have other plans. Thank you anyway.
. I’d like to, but tomorrow I would prefer to stay at home.

BARGAINING

Theory
1. A bargain is defined as something that you buy that costs less than it normally does. A purchase made at a sale is an example of a bargain.
2. The definition of a bargain is an understanding between two people on the cost of goods or services. If someone agrees to sell a product at 10 percent of as long as the other person orders at least 12, that is an example of a bargain.
Some Points to keep in mind
-Ask a trusted local
-See what locals pay
When bargaining, do so responsibly :
-Be honest
-Choose your battles
-Even in cultures where haggling is the norm, many items do have fixed price.
Example of conversation
X : Can I help you?
Y : Yes, thanks. I want to know how much that shirt is?
X : Which one, Sir?
Y : The blue one, please.
X : It is three hundred thousand rupiahs.
Y : It's too much. Can you let me have it for less?
X : I am sorry, Sir. But it's a good price.
Y : Okay then, I'll think about it.
X : That's alright, Sir.

Courtesy by: http://www.yourdictionary.com/bargain http://www.kerenha.biz/2012/03/conversation-cara-menawar-harga-barang.html http://wikitravel.org/en/How_to_haggle

EXPRESSING CERTAINTY

Theory
To express the faith that something has been/ is being/ will happen, use the following phrases :
-I'm sure : Saya yakin
-I absolutely sure : Saya benar-benar yakin -I'm certain : Saya yakin
Example
If you have question :
"Will Amir pass the exam?" = "Apakah Amir akan lulus ujian?"
Can respond with :
-"Yes, I'm sure he will" = "Ya, saya yakin dia akan lulus"

Courtesy By : http://spensaguti.wordpress.com/2013/09/12/expressing-certainty-and-uncertaintydoubt/

GIVING & RESPONDING TO COMPLIMENT

Everyone likes to hear compliment. Compliments make people feel good themselves, and we all need that at times. This is the expressions below that can be used when giving and responding to compliments.
Giving Compliments :
-That's very nice....(dress)
-Great job on the....(presentation)
Responses to compliments :
-How kind of you to say so
-Thankyou
-I'm glad you like it.
Courtesy by: (inilahblogsaya.wordpress.com/2011/04/09/materi-bargaining-and-giving-responding-complaiment/)

EXPRESSING OPINION

Asking other people’s opinions:

• What do you think of ….
• Is that true that ….
• Do you think it’s going …
• Why do they behave like that?
• Do you have any idea?
• How do you like …..?
• Please give me your frank opinion.
• What’s your opinion?

Expressing opinions:

• In my opinion, …..
• I feel ….
• I personally believe …..
• I am certain, sure, positive, convinced.
• I personally think…..
• I agree
• I personally feel …..
• I disagree
• Not everyone will agree with me, but ….
• It seems that ….
• To my mind ….
• Well, personally ….
• From my point of view…..
• If I had my way, I would ….
• As I see it
• What I’m more concerned with is …..
• I think ….
• In my case ….
• I believe……
• Absolutely. 

EXPRESSING AGREEMENT AND DIASAGREEMENT

In real life, you definitely often asks wheter one agrees or disagrees with what you
are doing or you select. Here are some sayings that can be used to express approval or disapproval:
A. AGREEMENT
- I agree (saya setuju)
- I am with you (saya sependapat dengan anda)
- I think so (saya kira begitu)
- That's what I was thinking (itulah yang saya pikirkan)
B. DISAGREEMENT
- I disagree (saya tidak setuju)
- I am not with you (saya tidak sependapat dengan anda)
Constructive disagreement
1. I can appreciate your point about..., but I would disagree because...
2. I am not so sure about that because...
3. I don't think that's the case because...
SourceBy: http://education-co.blogspot.com/2012/11/expressing-agreementdisagreement.html http://www.belajaringgris.net/expression-of-agreement-and-disagreement-3134.html

ARGUING

Theory
Is the disciplinary study of how conclusions can be reached through logical reasoning; that is, claims based, soundly or not, or premises.
Argumentation includes debate and negotiation which are concerned with reaching mutually acceptable conclusions. It also encompasses eristic dialog, the branch of social debate in which victory over an opponent is the primary goal. This art and science is often the means by which people protect their beliefs or self-interests in rational dialogue, in common parlance, and during the process of arguing.
KEY COMPONENTS OF ARGUING

• Understanding and identifying arguments, either explicit or implied, and the goals of the participants in the different types of dialogue.
• Identifying the premises from which conclusions are derived
• Establishing the "burden of proof" — determining who made the initial claim and is thus responsible for providing evidence why his/her position merits acceptance.
• For the one carrying the "burden of proof", the advocate, to marshal evidence for his/her position in order to convince or force the opponent's acceptance. The method by which this is accomplished is producing valid, sound, and cogent arguments, devoid of weaknesses, and not easily attacked.
• In a debate, fulfillment of the burden of proof creates a burden of rejoinder. One must try to identify faulty reasoning in the opponent's argument, to attack the reasons/premises of the argument, to provide counterexamples if possible, to identify any fallacies, and to show why a valid conclusion cannot be derived from the reasons provided for his/her argument.

Sourceby: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentation_theory

GRAMMAR

A. CONJUNCTION
>>Theory
A conjunction (conj / CNJ) is one kind of word that connects two items (words, sentences, phrases, or clauses) together. In Indonesian 'conjunction' is also known as conjunctions, coupling, or conjunction.
>>The forms of conjunctions / conjunctive
1 . Coordinating conjunctionCoordinating conjunctions , also be called ' coordinators ' , a conjunction that connects two or more words , clauses , or sentences , which has the syntactic form ( the rules in terms of making sentences ) are the same . Examples of coordinating conjunctions are: for , and , nor , but , or , yet , and so . To make it easier to memorize commonly abbreviated fanboys .

1. Meaning and example in the sentence :a. For the meaning ' because . '
 Example : Al - Hadi Imamsyah always keeps the lights on , for he is afraid of sleeping in the dark .The word ' for' is more commonly used as a preposition / bermakana prepositions ' to . 'Example :  A chew is used for cutting wood .  b . And that means ' and . 'Example : My sister lives in South Sulawesi , and my brother lives in North Sulawesi .
 c . Nor which means ' and . 'Example : Ali does not enjoy learning English , nor does he enjoy football . [ negatives ]  d . But that means ' but . 'example :· Muh . Imran enjoys learning English , but he does not enjoy playing football .· My shoes are old but comfortable .
 e . Yet that means ' yet . 'Example : Muh . Imran enjoys learning English , yet he does not enjoy playing football .  f . Or meaning ' or . 'example :· Next month I will go to my hometown , or I may just stay in Makassar .· Next month I will go to my hometown or may just stay in Makassar .  g . So that means ' so / therefore . 'Example : I have a dream to go abgroad , so I have to study English more .
2 . correlative conjunctionCorrelative conjunctions , also commonly called ' paired conjunctions ' , is paired conjunctions that coordinate or harmonize 2 items ( words , sentences , phrases , or clauses ) . For example : both ... and ; not only ... but also ; either ... or ; Neither ... nor .· Meaning and example in the sentence :a. Both ... and that beramakna ' both 'Example : Both Muh . Shihab and Muh . Hasan Basri are the members of the New Generation Club .The two subjects are connected by ' both ... and ' is plural .b . Not only ... but also meaningful ' not only ... but also 'example :· Not only my sister but also my brother is in Makassar .· Not only my sister but also my brothers are in Makassar .When there are two subjects are connected by not only ... but also , either ... or , or Neither ... nor ' the subject closer to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural .c . Either ... or that bermakana ' either ... or / also 'example :· Either my sister or my brother is in Makassar .· Either my sister or my brothers are in Makssar .d . Neither ... nor meaningful ' either ... or ... do not 'example :· Neither my sister nor my brother is in Makassar .· Neither my sister nor my brothers are in Makssar .
        
 3 . subordinating conjunctionSubordinating conjuctions , also called ' subordinators ' , are conjunctions that introduce a sentence . Conjunctive ' subordinating ' used in the adverb clause which can not stand alone without the presence of that led her sentence . Examples of conjunctive ' subordinating ' is as follows .Time : after , before , when , while , as , as soon as , since , until , by the time , once , Whenever , every time etc .Cause and effect : Because , now that , since etc .Contrast : even though , although , etc though .Direct contrast : while , whereas etc .Condition : if , unless , only if , Whether or not , even if , in case , in the event that etc .The example in the form of a sentence :· Because he was sleepy , he went to bed . [ wear coma ]· He went to bed Because he was sleepy . [ no comma ]· Now that the term is over , I'm going to go to my hometown . [ wear coma ]· Since it 's raining , I can not go to campuss . [ wear coma ]' Since ' means ' because ' , and ' now that' mean ' for now . 'For more about subordinating conjuction silahakan looking for books that discuss it in detail .

B. CONSTRUCTION
>>Theory Elliptical Constructions is a sentence structure that can be used to indicate / show that a person, object or animal do / not to do something, and then add (a person, object or animal) were also experiencing the same thing. Function of Elliptical Constructions is to avoid unnecessary repetition of words (not important) in a sentence. For more details, please see the example sentences below:
  >>Example Sentences Elliptical Constructions:


I am happy and you are too. (saya senang dan kamu juga) 
C. NOUN CLAUSE
>>Theory  Nouns clause is a clause that functions as a noun. Or in other words are also used or noun clause has the same function as a noun (a noun). Because of its function as a noun, it can function as a noun clause: a sentence subject (the subject of a sentence), transitive verb object (object of a transitive verb), prepositional object (object of a preposition), complement (complement), and giving additional information (noun in apposition). For more details, please note the examples below. 
Functions and Examples Noun Clause

1. Noun clause as subject of the sentence (the subject of a sentence)
  Example sentence:

What you said does not convince me at all.
(Apa yang kamu katakan tidak meyakinkan aku sama sekali)

2. Noun clause as transitive verb object (object of a transitive verb)
  Example sentence:

I know what you mean.
(Saya tahu apa yang kamu maksud) 



 Source: http://smp5sleman.wordpress.com/2011/07/06/pengertian-dan-macam-macam-conjunction-kata-penghubung/

DESCRIBING PROCESS

Ever it we read a cooking recipe and how to cook it , or did we ever read how to use a tool ?
           Let us try to learn the material below :
   
The Expressions :

I. Beginning
- The first thing you do is ....
 - To begin with .....
 - To start with ....
 - First .....
II . Continuing
- And .....
 - Then .....
 - And then .....
 - Next ..... + Verb in the imperative form
 - After this ...... ( infinitive without to )
 - Following this .....
 - When ( this done ) / ( you've done this) ......
 - Once ( this is done ) / ( you've done this) ......
 - While ( something else is happening ) .......
III . ending
- Finally .....
 - Lastly ......
 - To finish .....




example :
How to make an omelette
We need at least 4 eggs per omelette . First , carefully break the eggs into a bowl and season with salt and freshly milled pepper . Then beat them with a fork . After this , heat the oil , not too much heat , just heat it . Then pour the eggs into the hot pan . Carefully tap the pan so that the cooked omelette moves and slightly overlaps the pan edge . And then gently fold this overlap in toward the center it should only go one- third distance . Now arrange your chosen filling in the center of the omelette and finally , fold the other edge in towards the middle .

How to change a spare tire
First the nuts on the wheel should be loosened . The second step is to raise the car with a jack . Next , the nuts are removed and the wheel is taken off . After that , the spare wheel is put on , and the nuts are replaced . Then , the car is lowered to the ground . Finally , make sure the nuts are completely tightened before you drive away .
 It can be seen that changing a tire is not difficult . As long as the right equipment is used and the right procedure is Followed , you will be Able to continue your journey quickly intervening .

Source: http://englishlucky.blogspot.com/2012/03/expressions-of-describing-process.html

ASKING AND GIVING SUGGESTIONS

We've all and often it give the same advice a friend or also seek advice from friends or perhaps people who we think of as a friend, but you do not ever ask for and give advice (asking and giving suggestion) use the English language?

Well there is a way below asking and giving suggestion and also for example :


Asking Suggestions: 
- What do you recommend we do about .....?
  - What would you advices us to do?
  - Do you have any suggestions?
  - What would you do about ...?
  - What do you think I should do?
  - What do you suggest?
  - Would you like to .....
  - Shall we go ....  
Giving Suggestions: 
- I would recommend that you ....
  - My advice would be to ...
  - May I suggest that we ...
  - If I were you, I would ....
  - I think you should ....
  - Maybe you should ...
  - Why do not you ...

example :
John : Hi John , would you like to do something with me this weekend ?
Jane : Sure . What shall we do ?
John : I do not know . Do you have any ideas ?
Jane : Why do not we see a movie ?
John : That's sounds good to me . Which movie shall we see ?
Jane : Let's see " Action Man 4 " .
John : I'd rather not . I do not like violent films . How about going to " Mad Doctor Brown " ? I hear it's quite a funny movie .
Jane : OK . Let 's go see that . When is it on ?
John : It 's on at 8 o'clock at the Rex . Shall we have a bite to eat before the movie ?
Jane : Sure , that sounds great . What about going to that new Italian restaurant ' Michetti 's ' ?
John : Great idea ! Let 's meet there at six .
Jane : OK . I'll see you at ' Michetti 's ' at six . Bye .
John : Bye .

Source: http://englishlucky.blogspot.com/2012/03/expressions-of-describing-process.html

ASKING NECESSITY AND OBLIGATION

Here are some examples of phrases and sentences that can be used to express or express obligation and the Necessary .

A. Obligation

1 . using adjectives : Obligatory , Compulsory , Needless , Unnecessary

Example Sentence :

• It is obligatory for the people to Participate in education .
• Entering elementary school is compulsory in Indonesia .
• That's a needless thing to speak with him .
• It's unnecessary to sit under the tree for hours .
• Etc. .

2 . Use nouns : Obligation , Compulsion , a Need , Necessity

Example Sentence :

• There is a legal obligation to enter the army .
• It's compulsion to obey your parents .
• It's a need for everybody to eat nutritious food .
• Is it a necessity for man and woman to sit apart ?

3 . Use Verbs : Oblige

Example Sentence :

• My father obliged me to study every night .

4 . Use Capital Auxiliaries : Must , Have to , ought to , Should

Example Sentence :

• You must obey your parents .
• Every Muslim must pray five times a day .
• I have to go now .
• You ought to repair my watch .
• Those shoes should be repaired .
• I ought to wake up early
• Etc. .

NOTE :
The word "must " have a very strong sense of ( strong ) . The use of the word " must" is more Likely to have meaning on a must already be an obligation to do .

B. Necessary

Example Sentence :

• I think it's not your necessity to follow the party .
• To sleep at noon is being my necessity .

source: http://bahasainggrisonlines.blogspot.com/2013/06/contoh-kalimat-expressing-obligation-and-necessary.html

PERSUADING AND CONVINCING OTHERS

The verbs ' convince ' and ' persuade ' are very similar in meaning , but there is a difference in how we use them .
After ' persuade ' we use the structure
to + infinitive :

• I persuaded them to stay for another drink .
• He persuaded her not to take the job .

After ' convince ' we can not use a verb infinitive . We say ' convince someone that' :

• She convinced the police that she was telling the truth .
• He convinced her that it was the right thing to do .

Both of the above sentence would also be correct without 'that' :

• She convinced the police she was telling the truth .
• He convinced her it was the right thing to do .

meaning :
There can also be a subtle difference in meaning between ' convince ' and ' persuade ' , as seen here :
Although Robert finally persuaded his girlfriend to move abroad with him , she was not fully convinced that it was the best thing to do .

In the example , Robert 's girlfriend was persuaded ( to move) but was not convinced ( that it was the correct decision) . So , we can see that when we persuade someone to do something it does not always mean that we have also convinced that person .

One more thing is worth mentioning about ' persuade ' and ' convince ' . If we are absolutely sure about something , I'm convinced we say :

• - Are you sure he 's innocent ?
• - Yes , I'm convinced . NOT I'm persuaded

Some related words :

• convincing ( adjective ) It was a convincing argument .
• persuasive ( adjective ) Marta can be very persuasive when she wants .
• persuasion ( noun ) He used his powers of persuasion

source:  http://speakspeak.com/confusing-words/convince-and-persuade

GRAMMAR : DEGREES OF COMPARISON

1.Positive degree .

When we speak about only one person or thing , We use the Positive degree .

examples :

• This house is big .

In this sentence only one noun "the house " is talked about .

• He is a tall student .

• This flower is beautiful .

• He is an intelligent boy .

Mentioned above each sentence talks about only one noun .

The second one in the Degrees of Comparison is ...

2.Comparative degree .

When we compare two persons or two of Things with each other ,

We use both the Positive degree and Comparative degree .

examples :

a. This house is bigger than that one . ( Comparative degree )

This house is not as big as that one . ( Positive degree )

The term " bigger " is comparative version of the term "big " .

Both these sentences Convey the same meaning .

b . This flower is more beautiful than that . ( Comparative )

This flower is not as beautiful as that . ( Positive )

The term " more beautiful " is the comparative version of the term "beautiful " .

Both these sentences Convey the same meaning .

c . He is more intelligent than this boy . ( Comparative )

He is not as intelligent as this boy . ( Positive )

The term " more intelligent " is comparative version of the term " intelligent " .

Both these sentences Convey the same meaning .

d . He is taller than Mr . Hulas . ( Comparative )

He is not as tall as Mr . Hulas . ( Positive )

The term " taller " is comparative version of the term "tall " .

Both these sentences Convey the same meaning .



When we compare more than two persons or Things with one another ,

We use all the three Positive , Comparative and Superlative degrees .

examples :

a. This is the biggest house in this street . ( Superlative )

This house is bigger than any other house in this street . ( Comparative )

No other house in this street is as big as this one . ( Positive )

The term "biggest " is the superlative version of the term "big " .

All the three sentences mean the same meaning .

b . This flower is the most beautiful one in this garden . ( Superlative )

This flower is more beautiful than any other flower in this garden . ( Comparative )

No other flower in this garden is as beautiful as this one . ( Comparative )

The term "most beautiful " is the superlative version of the term "beautiful " .

All the three sentences mean the same meaning .

c . He is the most intelligent in this class . ( Superlative )

He is more intelligent than other boys in the class . ( Comparative )

No other boy is as intelligent as this boy . ( Positive )

The term "most intelligent " is superlative version of the term " intelligent " .

Both these sentences Convey the same meaning .

d . He is the tallest student in this class . ( Superlative )

He is taller than other students in this class . ( Comparative )

No other student is as tall as this student . ( Positive )

The term " tallest" is superlative version of the term "tall " .



* Degrees of Comparison are applicable only to Adjectives and Adverbs *


* Nouns and verbs do not have degrees of comparisons *

He is the tallest student in the class .

The term " tallest" is an adjective .

Among the members of the group , Mr . Clinton speaks most effectively .

The term " effectively " is an adverb .

All the terms used in the above - examples are either adjectives or adverbs .

We have seen all the three Degrees of Comparison .

Let us see their models .

Model -1 : " The best " :

examples :

i . This is the best hotel in this area .

No other hotel is as better as this on in this area .

No other hotel is as good as this one in this area .

ii . Unemployment is the most serious problem facing our country .

Unemployment is more than any other serious problems facing our country .

No other problems facing our country is as serious as unemployment .

Model - 2 : " One of the best " :

examples :

i . Calcutta is one of the Largest Cities in India .

Calcutta is large than most other Cities in India .

Very few Cities in India are as large as Calcutta .

ii . Satin Tendulkar is one of the best batsmen in the world .

Satin Tendulkar is better than most other batsmen in the world .

No other Batman in the world is as good as Satin Tendulkar .

Model - 3 : " Not the best " :

examples :

i . This is not the best solution to the problem .

ii . This is not better than few other solutions to this problem .

iii . Other solutions to this problem are not as good as this one .

ii . New York is not the largest city in America .

New York is not bigger than many other Cities in America .

Few other Cities in America are at least as large as New York .

Few adjectives and adverbs Comparative get their forms by simply getting " more " before them .

And their superlative terms , by getting "most " before them .

examples :

Beautiful .......... .......... more beautiful most beautiful

Effective .......... ......... more effective most effective

Effectively .......... ......... more effectively most effectively

Enjoyable ............. more enjoyable most enjoyable ..........

Useful ................... more useful most useful ...........

Different ........... more different most different ............

Honest ........... more honest most honest ..............

Qualified ............ ............ more qualified most qualified

Few adjectives and adverbs Comparative get their forms by simply getting " er " after them and their superlative terms , by getting " est " after them .

examples :

Hard ................. ................. harder hardest

................... Big bigger biggest ................

............... ................. Tall taller tallest

Long .................. .................. longer longest

Short ................. shorter shortest ...................

Costly ..................... costlier costliest ...............

...................... Simple Simpler Simplest .............

Degrees of Comparison and varieties add beauty to the sentences .

Source: (http://www.english-for-students.com/Degrees-of-Comparison.html)

GRAMMAR : IMPERATIVE

The imperative 

We can use the imperative to give a direct order :

• Take that chewing gum out of your mouth. 
• Stand up straight. 
• Give me the details. 

We can use the imperative to give instructions.

• Open your book. 
• Take two tablets every evening. 
• Take a left and then a right. 

We can use the imperative to make-an invitation.

• Come in and sit down. Make yourself at home. 
• Please start without me. I'll be there shortly. 
• Have a piece of this cake. It's delicious. 

We can use the imperative on signs and notices.

• Push. 
• Do not use. 
• Insert one dollar. 

We can use the imperative to give friendly informal advice.

• Speak to him. Tell him how you feel. 
• Have a quiet word with her about it. 
• Do not go. Stay at home and rest up. Get some sleep and recover. 

We can make the imperative 'more polite' by adding 'do'.

• Do be quiet. 
• Do come. 
• Do sit down.

Source: (http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/imperative/menu.php)